3.4.1. CSAT3

3.4.1.1. Introduction

Campbell Scientific CSAT3 3D sonic anemometor. It uses ultrasonic sound waves to measure wind in 3 dimensions at high frequencies. This is often used to measure turbulent fluctuations as part of an eddy-covariance set up, along with a Gas Analyser, to determine various energy fluxes.

3.4.1.2. Manufacturer and Model

Model

Brand

Type

CSAT3

Campbell Scientific

3D Sonic Anemometer

3.4.1.3. Output definitions

Ouput definition ID

File Identifier

Level Number

QAQC notes

File time resolution

CSAT3

CSAT3_%SITE

0

NA

10Hz

CSAT3

CSAT3_%SITE

0

NA

30min

CSAT3

CSAT3_%SITE

1

QAQC

10Hz

CSAT3

CSAT3_%SITE

1

QAQC

30min

CSAT3

CSAT3_%SITE

2

QAQC

10Hz

CSAT3

CSAT3_%SITE

2

QAQC

30min

CSAT3_ECpack

CSAT3_ECpack_%SITE

0

No_QAQC

30min

CSAT3_ECpack

CSAT3_ECpack_%SITE

1

QAQC

30min

CSAT3_ECpack

CSAT3_ECpack_%SITE

2

QAQC_IMA

30min

CSAT3_10Hz

CSAT3_%SITE

0

NO_QAQC

10Hz

CSAT3_10Hz

CSAT3_%SITE

1

QAQC

10Hz

CSAT3_10Hz

CSAT3_%SITE

2

QAQC_imas

10Hz

3.4.1.4. Processing code

Code used to process raw data: https://github.com/Urban-Meteorology-Reading/Operations-FLUX

3.4.1.5. Variables measured by instrument

Table 3.1 Variables measured - sorted alphabetically

Variable ID

Full Name

Unit

Lower Threshold

Upper Threshold

Files present (Output definition ID,Level No,Time resolution)

cov_uTsonic

covariance_uTsonic

m.K.s-1

CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

cov_uv

covariance_uv

m2.s-2

CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

cov_uw

covariance_uw

m2.s-2

CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

cov_vTsonic

covariance_vTsonic

m.K.s-1

CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

cov_vw

covariance_vw

m2.s-2

CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

cov_wTsonic

covariance_wTsonic

m.K.s-1

CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

diag

diagnostics

N/A

CSAT3,0,10Hz CSAT3,0,30min CSAT3,1,10Hz CSAT3,1,30min CSAT3,2,10Hz CSAT3,2,30min CSAT3_10Hz,0,10Hz CSAT3_10Hz,1,10Hz CSAT3_10Hz,2,10Hz

diag_pct

diagnostics_percentage

%

CSAT3,0,10Hz CSAT3,0,30min CSAT3,1,10Hz CSAT3,1,30min CSAT3,2,10Hz CSAT3,2,30min

dir

wind_direction

degree

0.0

360.0

CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

FLAG

Status flag

N/A

CSAT3,1,10Hz CSAT3,1,30min CSAT3,2,10Hz CSAT3,2,30min CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

imas

imas flag

N/A

CSAT3_10Hz,2,10Hz

imas_pct

identification_microscale_anthropogenic_sources

%

CSAT3,2,10Hz CSAT3,2,30min

L

Obukhov_length

m

CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

nSamples

nSamples

samples/interval

CSAT3,0,10Hz CSAT3,0,30min CSAT3,1,10Hz CSAT3,1,30min CSAT3,2,10Hz CSAT3,2,30min CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

Q_H

upward_turbulent_sensible_heat_flux

W.m-2

CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

sd_Tsonic

standard_deviation_Tsonic

Celsius

CSAT3,0,10Hz CSAT3,0,30min CSAT3,1,10Hz CSAT3,1,30min CSAT3,2,10Hz CSAT3,2,30min CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

sd_u

standard_deviation_u

m.s-1

CSAT3,0,10Hz CSAT3,0,30min CSAT3,1,10Hz CSAT3,1,30min CSAT3,2,10Hz CSAT3,2,30min CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

sd_v

standard_deviation_v

m.s-1

CSAT3,0,10Hz CSAT3,0,30min CSAT3,1,10Hz CSAT3,1,30min CSAT3,2,10Hz CSAT3,2,30min CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

sd_w

standard_deviation_w

m.s-1

CSAT3,0,10Hz CSAT3,0,30min CSAT3,1,10Hz CSAT3,1,30min CSAT3,2,10Hz CSAT3,2,30min CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

spike

spike_flag

N/A

CSAT3_10Hz,1,10Hz CSAT3_10Hz,2,10Hz

spike_pct

spike_percentage

%

CSAT3,1,10Hz CSAT3,1,30min CSAT3,2,10Hz CSAT3,2,30min

tol_dir

tolerance_wind_direction

degree

CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

tol_Q_H

tolerance_Q_H

W.m-2

CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

tol_ustar

tolerance_ustar

m.s-1

CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

tol_WS

tolerance_WS

m.s-1

CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

Tsonic

sonic_temperature

Celsius

CSAT3,0,10Hz CSAT3,0,30min CSAT3,1,10Hz CSAT3,1,30min CSAT3,2,10Hz CSAT3,2,30min CSAT3_10Hz,0,10Hz CSAT3_10Hz,1,10Hz CSAT3_10Hz,2,10Hz

Tsonic_K

sonic_temperature_kelvin

K

CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

u

zonal_wind_component

m.s-1

CSAT3,0,10Hz CSAT3,0,30min CSAT3,1,10Hz CSAT3,1,30min CSAT3,2,10Hz CSAT3,2,30min CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min CSAT3_10Hz,0,10Hz CSAT3_10Hz,1,10Hz CSAT3_10Hz,2,10Hz

ustar

friction_velocity

m.s-1

CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

v

meridional_wind_component

m.s-1

CSAT3,0,10Hz CSAT3,0,30min CSAT3,1,10Hz CSAT3,1,30min CSAT3,2,10Hz CSAT3,2,30min CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min CSAT3_10Hz,0,10Hz CSAT3_10Hz,1,10Hz CSAT3_10Hz,2,10Hz

w

Vertical wind component

m.s-1

CSAT3,0,10Hz CSAT3,0,30min CSAT3,1,10Hz CSAT3,1,30min CSAT3,2,10Hz CSAT3,2,30min CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min CSAT3_10Hz,0,10Hz CSAT3_10Hz,1,10Hz CSAT3_10Hz,2,10Hz

WS

horizontal_wind_speed

m.s-1

0.0

150.0

CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

zL

atmospheric_stability_parameter

dimensionless

CSAT3_ECpack,0,30min CSAT3_ECpack,1,30min CSAT3_ECpack,2,30min

3.4.1.6. Serials

Serial

Suffix

1188-1

A

0194-2

B

1111

C

0192-2

D

3.4.1.7. Deployments

3.4.1.7.1. Serial number: 0192-2

Site ID

Start date

End date

KSK

2008-10-01 00:00

2008-10-29 00:00

KSK

2008-10-29 00:00

2009-04-29 00:00

KSK

2009-04-29 00:00

2009-05-14 00:00

KSK

2009-05-14 00:00

2009-10-06 00:00

KSNW

2013-03-17 00:00

2015-09-17 00:00

KSB

2015-09-17 00:00

2016-02-18 00:00

IMU

2016-04-29 00:00

2020-11-04 00:00

3.4.1.7.2. Serial number: 1188-1

Site ID

Start date

End date

KSK

2010-01-22 00:00

2010-03-04 00:00

KSK

2010-03-04 00:00

2010-03-22 00:00

KSK

2010-03-22 00:00

2010-03-29 00:00

KSK

2010-03-29 00:00

2010-08-25 00:00

KSK

2010-08-25 00:00

2010-10-22 00:00

KSK

2010-10-22 00:00

2011-03-11 00:00

KSK

2011-03-11 00:00

2011-04-06 00:00

KSK

2011-04-06 00:00

2011-08-19 00:00

KSK

2011-08-19 00:00

2011-08-22 00:00

KSK

2011-08-22 00:00

2011-09-06 00:00

KSK

2011-09-06 00:00

2011-10-06 00:00

KSK

2011-10-06 00:00

2011-12-21 00:00

KSK

2011-12-21 00:00

2013-02-27 00:00

3.4.1.7.3. Serial number: 0194-2

Site ID

Start date

End date

KSS

2009-11-01 00:00

2012-03-25 00:00

KSSW

2012-03-26 00:00

2013-03-26 00:00

KSSW

2013-03-26 00:00

2013-04-01 00:00

KSSW

2013-04-01 00:00

2013-05-09 00:00

KSSW

2013-05-10 00:00

2016-09-14 00:00

KSSW

2016-09-15 00:00

2017-06-13 00:00

3.4.1.8. Photos

../../../_images/tower-lowering-15092016_29073458334_o.jpg

Fig. 3.1 At KSSW 15/09/2016

../../../_images/102_1940_23004725333_o.jpg

Fig. 3.2 At KSNW 05/07/2015

../../../_images/33443367841_6b73585bea_o(1).jpg

Fig. 3.3 At IMU 07/02/2017

../../../_images/cimg5553_25353610893_o.jpg

Fig. 3.4 At KSK 20/07/2010

../../../_images/r0015029_23161117173_o(1).jpg

Fig. 3.5 Atop tower KSS 08/04/2011.

3.4.1.9. Supplementary information

Link

Title

Description

CSAT3 manual

CSAT3 manual

Manual from Campbell Scientific.

3.4.1.10. Data acquisition

Data can be requested from Prof. Sue Grimmond (c.s.grimmond@reading.ac.uk).

3.4.1.11. References

  1. Theeuwes, N. E., Boutle, I. A., Clark, P. A. and Grimmond, S. (2021) Understanding London’s summertime cloud cover. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4214

  2. Duan, Z., Grimmond, S., Gao, C. Y., Sun, T., Liu, C., Wang, L., Li, Y. and Gao, Z. (2021) Seasonal and interannual variations in the surface energy fluxes of a rice–wheat rotation in Eastern China. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. ISSN 1558-8432 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-20-0233.1

  3. Hertwig, D., Grimmond, S., Hendry, M. A., Saunders, B., Wang, Z., Jeoffrion, M., Vidale, P. L., McGuire, P. C., Bohnenstengel, S. I., Ward, H. C. and Kotthaus, S. (2020) Urban signals in high-resolution weather and climate simulations: role of urban land-surface characterisation. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 142. pp. 701-728. ISSN 0177-798X doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03294-1

  4. Kent, C. W., Grimmond, S., Gatey, D. and Hirano, K. (2019) Urban morphology parameters from global digital elevation models: implications for aerodynamic roughness for wind-speed estimation. Remote Sensing of Environment, 221. pp. 316-339. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.09.024

  5. Theeuwes, N. E., Barlow, J. F., Teuling, A. J., Grimmond, C. S. B. and Kotthaus, S. (2019) Persistent cloud cover over mega-cities linked to surface heat release. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 2. 15. ISSN 2397-3722 doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-019-0072-x

  6. Crawford, B., Grimmond, S. B., Gabey, A., Marconcini, M., Ward, H. C. and Kent, C. W. (2018) Variability of urban surface temperatures and implications for aerodynamic energy exchange in unstable conditions. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 144 (715). pp. 1719-1741. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3325

  7. Kent, C. W., Grimmond, S. and Gatey, D. (2017) Aerodynamic roughness parameters in cities: inclusion of vegetation. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 169. pp. 168-176. ISSN 01676105 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.07.016

  8. Kent, C. W., Grimmond, S., Barlow, J., Gatey, D., Kotthaus, S., Lindberg, F. and Halios, C. H. (2017) Evaluation of urban local-scale aerodynamic parameters: implications for the vertical profile of wind speed and for source areas. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 164 (2). pp. 183-213. ISSN 0006-8314 doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-017-0248-z

  9. Bjorkegren, A. and Grimmond, C. S. B., (2017) Net carbon dioxide emissions from central London. Urban Climate, 23. pp. 131-158. ISSN 2212-0955 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2016.10.002

  10. Crawford, B., Grimmond, C. S. B., Ward, H. C., Morrison, W. and Kotthaus, S. (2017) Spatial and temporal patterns of surface-atmosphere energy exchange in a dense urban environment using scintillometry. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 143 (703). pp. 817-833. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2967

  11. Helfter, C., Tremper, A. H., Halios, C. H., Kotthaus, S., Bjorkegren, A., Grimmond, C. S. B., Barlow, J. F. and Nemitz, E. (2016) Spatial and temporal variability of urban fluxes of methane, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide above London, UK. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16 (16). pp. 10543-10557. ISSN 1680-7316 doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10543-2016

  12. Font, A., Grimmond, C. S. B., Kotthaus, S., Morgu�, J. -A., Stockdale, C., O’Connor, E., Priestman, M. and Barratt, B. (2015) Daytime CO2 urban surface fluxes from airborne measurements, eddy-covariance observations and emissions inventory in Greater London. Environmental Pollution, 196. pp. 98-106. ISSN 0269-7491 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.10.001

  13. Bjorkeren, A. B., Grimmond, C. S. B., Kotthaus, S. and Malamud, B. D. (2015) CO2 emission estimation in the urban environment: measurement of the CO2 storage term. Atmospheric Environment, 122. pp. 775-790. ISSN 1352-2310 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.012

  14. Ward, H. C., Kotthaus, S., Grimmond, C. S. B., Bjorkegren, A., Wilkinson, M., Morrison, W. T. J., Evans, J. G., Morison, J. I. L. and Iamarino, M. (2015) Effects of urban density on carbon dioxide exchanges: observations of dense urban, suburban and woodland areas of southern England. Environmental Pollution, 198. pp. 186-200. ISSN 0269-7491 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.031

  15. Kotthaus, S. and Grimmond, C. S. B. (2014) Energy exchange in a dense urban environment – part I: temporal variability of long-term observations in central London. Urban Climate, 10 (2). pp. 261-280. ISSN 2212-0955 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2013.10.002

  16. Magliulo, V., Toscano, P., Grimmond, C. S. B., Kotthaus, S., J�rvi, L., Set�l�, H., Lindberg, F., Vogt, R., Staszewski, T., Bubak, A., Synnefa, A. and Santamouris, M. (2014) Environmental measurements in BRIDGE case studies. In: Chrysoulakis, N., de Castro, E. A. and Moors, E. J. (eds.) Understanding Urban Metabolism. Routledge, pp. 45-57. ISBN 9780415835114

  17. J�rvi, L., Grimmond, C. S. B., Taka, M., Nordbo, A., Set�l�, H. and Strachan, I. B. (2014) Development of the Surface Urban Energy and Water balance Scheme (SUEWS) for cold climate cities. Geoscientific Model Development, 7. pp. 1691-1711. ISSN 1991-9603 doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1691-2014

  18. Wood, C. R., Pauscher, L., Ward, H. C., Kotthaus, S., Barlow, J., Gouvea, M., Lane, S. E. and Grimmond, C. S. B. (2013) Wind observations above an urban river using a new lidar technique, scintillometry and anemometry. Science of the Total Environment, 442. pp. 527-533. ISSN 0048-9697 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.061

  19. Loridan, T., Lindberg, F., Jorba, O., Kotthaus, S., Grossman-Clarke, S. and Grimmond, C. S. B. (2013) High resolution simulation of the variability of surface energy balance fluxes across central London with urban zones for energy partitioning. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 147 (3). pp. 493-523. ISSN 0006-8314 doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-013-9797-y

  20. Kotthaus, S. and Grimmond, C. S. B. (2012) Identification of micro-scale anthropogenic CO2, heat and moisture sources – processing eddy covariance fluxes for a dense urban environment. Atmospheric Environment, 57. pp. 301-316. ISSN 1352-2310 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.024

  21. Grimmond, C. S. B., Blackett, M., Best, M. J., Baik, J. J., Belcher, S. E., Beringer, J., Bohnenstengel, S. I., Calmet, I., Chen, F., Coutts, A., Dandou, A., Fortuniak, K., Gouvea, M. L., Hamdi, R., Hendry, M., Kanda, M., Kawai, T., Kawamoto, Y., Kondo, H., Krayenhoff, E. S., Lee, S. H., Loridan, T., Martilli, A., Masson, V., Miao, S., Oleson, K., Ooka, R., Pigeon, G., Porson, A., Ryu, Y. H., Salamanca, F., Steeneveld, G. J., Tombrou, M., Voogt, J. A., Young, D.T. and Zhang, N. (2011) Initial results from Phase 2 of the international urban energy balance model comparison. International Journal of Climatology, 31 (2). pp. 244-272. ISSN 1097-0088 doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2227

  22. Su, H.-B., Schmid, H.P., Grimmond, C.S.B., Vogel, C.S. and Curtis, P.S. (2008) An assessment of observed vertical flux divergence in long-term eddy-covariance measurements over two Midwestern forest ecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148 (2). pp. 186-205. ISSN 0168-1923 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.009

Tip

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